Bank Mergers Essays - Finance, Financial Services, Banks

Bank Mergers Intermittently bank mergers occur in light of the fact that there are an excessive number of banks, such a large number of branches, and an excessive number of contenders. A merger is when two organizations consolidate to shape a bigger all the more impressive firm. Numerous financial expert have contradicting view focuses on the job that mergers play in the economy. In the previous five years numerous mergers have happened in the financial business for instance; Chase Manhattan and Chemical Bank, BankAmerica and NationsBank, and Banc One and First Chicago. These are just a couple of the many mergers that have occurred in the previous five years. In spite of the fact that combination can make the financial business progressively profitable, consolidating and diminishing costs give just a brief lift to income. Over the long haul we will wind up with greater banks confronting a similar issue, less and less individuals who need them. Like some other industry in the present society the financial business is evolving. Some financial analyst even say its getting wiped out. Bank rivals are squeezing from all bearings. Business Loans that was at one time a selective financial industry has been attacked by organizations, for example, GE Capital and Merrill Lynch. In the course of recent years credit action at GE Capital effectively one of the nations greatest moneylenders has climbed 11%, while the financial business advance development has crawled along at a 3% yearly rate. Or on the other hand take a gander at Merrill Lynch. Over the previous year, it has begun $4.2 billion in business credits, equivalent to about 33% of KeyCorp's a ll out business advance portfolio toward the finish of 1994.1 Even the customer advance establishment is being caught. Visas for example, have been quite a while beneficial business for banks. That industry also has been taken over by organizations, for example, First USA. Since 1991, First USA, a charge card organization close to ten years of age , has prospected angrily, raising its card receivables 650%, to $15 billion, during a period when development in by and large card obligation became simply 36%. Since 1991, NationsBank, in spite of its unremitting procuring has expanded all out Mastercard receivables simply 16%.2 Larger mergers make bigger resources for the organization, yet financiers are left in obscurity with how to manage those advantages. Car vendor are inclined to deal with vehicle advances, charge cards are gotten through the mail, and better arrangements on home loans can be given by contract intermediaries. Lets not overlook PC banking. There are online administra tions that will look through the Internet to get the best cost on a CD, charge cards, customer credits, and home loans. Banks are starting to end up contending with programming organizations. 1998 was by a wide margin the greatest year for takeovers. Eight of the ten greatest arrangements ever occurred in 1998. This uber merger year has been stock driven. Close to the pinnacle of the last merger wave, in 1988, stock represented 7% of the estimation of arrangements. This year it was 67%, by a wide margin the most significant level in the previous decade, as per JP Morgan.3 Banking represented one-fourth of all out arrangement esteems. Mergers have bolstered bank stocks fundamentally. In banking it appears as if greater is better, why put resources into a little organization when it will be gained by a bigger organization. These mergers have amassed immense organizations. Albeit stock costs are generally high, financial specialists consider it to be contributing solid money to those organizations to make bigger acquisitions with. The inquiry is are the investors making a benefit off of these mergers or are the main individuals coming out of these arrangements well off the p erson who are making the arrangements. Megamergers may not be solid for investors. Imprint Sirower, an educator at NYU's Stern School, followed the supplies of 100 major organizations that made significant acquisitions somewhere in the range of 1994 and 1997. By and large, a year after the arrangement declaration, the secures' stock trailed the S&P 500 by 8.6%. Not exclusively completed 60 stocks fail to meet expectations the market, yet 32 of these posted negative returns, with costs beneath their level five days before the merger became public.4 We have come to perceive that over the long haul these tremendous organizations are not bringing in any cash for the investor. A portion of those goliaths - Citigroup, to name one- - have watched their stock take off, however bank stocks by and large have

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay Example for Free

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay The point of convergence of this paper is to break down the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico. It ought to be noticed that the parts of this examination isn't generally approach investigation however it planned towards introducing contentions from the perspective of expository structure. In this paper there would not be any inclination or supposition introduced rather an examination would be introduced regarding contentions for and against the issue. It ought to be expressed that with regards to globalization the Totalization Agreement is a significant viewpoint for the US. Totalization Agreement has the propensity of speculation assets and organizations to move past household and national markets to different markets far and wide, in this way expanding the interconnectedness of various markets. Globalization better said is the move toward an increasingly consolidated and reliant World economy. Globalization has had the impact of extraordinarily expanding worldwide exchange, yet in addition social trade. some learned characterize globalization as assembly of models of production and use and a considerable homogenization of customs, while others strain that globalization has the imminent to take endless random appearances. In financial matters, a wide portrayal is that globalization is the association of costs, compensation, items, benefits and paces of enthusiasm for synchronization with created country standards. Globalization of the money related framework relies upon the situation of worldwide business, human movement, fuse of financial markets, and versatility of capital. The International Monetary Fund watches the expanding budgetary relationship of nations everywhere throughout the world through rising amount and assortment of cross-outskirt dealings, free worldwide capital stream, and nearly quicker and broad dispersal of innovation. In contemporary monetary situation the common pattern is development in the worldwide market. Worldwide market development is only an idea of serving clients past the constraints of local market and in monetary situation thought about a key development procedure. Worldwide market development is a business reality that each organization experiences sooner or later in its advancement. Under such conditions each undertaking must offset hazard with remunerations, the dangers while growing universally can be less unsurprising and similarly the prizes can be progressively subtle. The organizations, which are searching for economical approaches to develop and expand their income streams, think about worldwide extension as a key choice. There are a few factors behind the pattern toward extension in the worldwide market. Organizations require a worldwide nearness. For both hostile and cautious causes, organizations can't ignore openings outside their home markets. A company’s prerequisite for a worldwide nearness emerges from two factors, their ability of utilizing household connections outside their nation and a necessity from residential clients to help the company’s items globally. A worldwide extension permits organizations to recreate effective household procedures in global markets, possibly in business sectors with lower serious force. Furthermore Global market extension give the organizations huge undiscovered markets, points of interest of low work costs, investment funds of transportation costs, speed and productivity of conveyance framework, and so on. These variables settle on the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico progressively significant. (Fletcher, 2006) The Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico could be better comprehended in the light of the history behind it. For over thirty years US has been building up understandings identifying with social understanding universally remembering that these understandings should organize with the program by the Social Security of the US. These understandings dependent on the parts of projects identified with Social Security of the US are aggregately articulated as totalization understandings. Under these understandings there are sure focal points. Be that as it may, from the perspective of the US these points of interest can comprehensively be partitioned into two sections. The principal objective is to kill twofold tax collection for laborers utilized in outside countries. Without the understanding an individual would need to pay multiple times as expense on the profit. The present report proposes that the advantage of Totalization Agreement between the US and different nations has help US laborers working abroad at parcel. The total reserve funds are assessed at $800 million every year. The second goal of Totalization Agreement between the US and different nations is to give a person who is part clock as a specialist in either in the US or the outside nation the corresponding tax reduction that is so significant for the laborer. In this setting the understanding among US and Mexico turns out to be significant with regards to money related advantages. It has been assessed that once the understanding of Totalization is marked between the US and Mexico the laborers from the United States in Mexico would have the option to spare about an expected $140 million. These reserve funds would be made in the parameters of Mexican assessments identifying with medical coverage and government disability measures. In any case, it ought to be referenced that this estimation is determined based on a multi year term of calculation. Once more, in the point of view of others conscious advantage it would colossally help the laborers who have been working in Mexico for a shorter timeframe in both US and Mexico as in light of the fact that this understanding would assist them with receiving the advantages. (Lord, 2006) It could well be expressed that Mexico is a conspicuous accomplice of the US as far as exchanging. Indeed it is the second biggest after Canada. Thusly it gets significant for the US to enjoy Totalization Agreement with Mexico. As it is Mexico is now under the Totalization Agreement with Canada making it commonly valuable for the two nations. The points of interest and detriments of Totalization Agreement with Mexico have been vigorously examined and bantered lately. Advocates of Totalization Agreement with Mexico state that it enables creating economies to make up for lost time to exceptionally created industrialized economies a lot quicker through expanded work and mechanical advances. Pundits of Totalization Agreement contend that it debilitates national sway and permits rich countries to transport residential occupations abroad where work is a lot less expensive. The primary preferences of Totalization Agreement are in that capacity, expanded unhindered commerce between the two countries, expanded liquidity of capital permitting speculators in created countries to put resources into creating countries, aggregates are having more prominent adaptability to work across fringes, worldwide broad communications restricting the world together, expanded progression of interchanges permitting essential data to be shared among people and combinations all through the globe, more noteworthy office and speed of transportation for products and individuals, decrease of social obstructions builds the worldwide town impact, spread of equitable beliefs to created countries, more prominent reliance of country states, decrease of probability of war between created countries , increments in natural insurance in created countries. Alongside the points of interest there are additionally a few detriments of Totalization Agreement, for example, expanded progression of talented and non-gifted employments from created to creating countries as organizations search for the least expensive work, expanded likelihood of financial unsettling influences in a single country affecting all countries, business impact of country states far surpasses that of common society associations and normal people, anxiety that control of world media by a bunch of combinations will restrain social articulation, more prominent chance of responses for globalization being rough trying to monitor social legacy, more serious threat of infections being moved incidentally between countries, spread of a materialistic way of life and standpoints that considers utilization to be the way to fortune, worldwide bodies like the World Trade Organization meddle with national and individual power, increment in the probabilities of common war inside creati ng nations and open war between creating nations as they go after assets, decline in natural honesty as dirtying enterprises exploit frail administrative standards in creating nations like Mexico. It could well be expressed that in this opposition associations are progressively loosing their ethnic qualities and ethics. Today capability of an individual or a corporate is decided by their capacity to adapt up to steady basic changes in the hierarchical structure. Everywhere throughout the world, associations adjusting new items designing groups around ‘pit crew’ model. Cross utilitarian groups to configuration, fabricating deals and administration engineer’s work alongside the laborers, who sooner or later of time have stake in the item. This guarantees assembling and sales reps having their state all through the structure procedure and working up the assembling ability at an early stage that is currant designing. The objectives are basic, for example, speed, balance and serious cost. Items have gotten global for most enterprises and the effect of building is critical. In numerous associations, the expectation to learn and adapt in designing has become an excessively expensive extravagance. Serious weights command discovering approaches to diminish the complete time required to present new items in the market. Rivalry alongside increasingly complex creation and conveyance situations requires recognizing and lessening important costs, for example, costs related with advancement, assembling, circulation and administration. In any case, it tends to be expressed that totalization understanding would distinctly affect the Trust Funds however it would be a since quite a while ago named and for all intents and purposes unimportant impact. It has

How to Tell If Your Boss Is a Bully

How to Tell If Your Boss Is a Bully Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Print How to Tell If Your Boss Is a Bully By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Updated on February 21, 2020 jackSTAR/Getty Images More in Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Workplace bullying is a growing problem that countless people face every day. But sometimes people confuse bullying with toughness. If you work for a boss that sets high goals and expects a lot from you and the rest of the team, this does not mean that your boss is bullying you. In fact,  employees often automatically assume that tough bosses are bullies. But there are some important differences between bosses who bully and bosses who are tough on their employees. Here are six ways to tell the difference between a tough boss and a bullying boss. Tough Bosses Set High Goals but  Bullies Demand Unattainable Results   A tough boss holds his employees accountable with strict guidelines and high demands, but he also gives his employees all the tools they need to succeed. Meanwhile, a bullying boss might set unrealistic deadlines that are sure to cause failure. He also might change the guidelines causing extra work or withhold necessary information.?? He does these things to exert his power and his control of the situation. How to Know for Sure That Your Boss Is a Bully Tough Bosses Hold Everyone to High Standards but Bullies Single out One Person   A tough boss is tough on everyone. He does not single out one person but instead is consistent in his treatment of others. But bullies often question the adequacy of one employee by belittling his opinions and ideas. These bosses  also may question one employee’s commitment to the job and dole out unfair criticism and blame. Several hallmarks of bullying behavior are the patterns of unfair behavior and the targeting of one or two people over and over again.?? Tough Bosses Are Fair but Bullies Are Unfair and Irrational   A tough boss does not coddle people or tolerate excuses, but he also is willing to roll up his sleeves and help get the job done. A tough boss protects his team from adversity within the company and supports them when needed. Meanwhile, a bullying boss is unfair and will sell his employees out to protect his own skin. He also might blame others for failures while assuming complete responsibility for all successes. He also shows favoritism among employees and is very clear about who he has disdain for.?? He may yell, swear and even engage in name-calling. Tough Bosses Work for the Good of the Company but Bullies Thrive on Power A tough boss cultivates teamwork and works toward bettering the company. He is willing to work just as hard, and sometimes even harder than his employees to get the job done. But a bullying boss is more interested in being in control and having power over other people.?? He is a power-hungry leader that thrives on having control over others. He also takes credit for things that he did not  do and rarely acknowledges the successes of his employees. Tough Bosses Are Inclusive but Bullies Isolate and Exclude  People   A tough boss holds all his employees to the same high standard but is inclusive in the process. As a result, no one feels less valued than another and everyone knows they have to work hard to succeed. Meanwhile, a bullying boss often singles out one or two workers and humiliates and berates them in front of others. He also might ostracize them by excluding them from meetings and social gatherings. This type of behavior undermines the entire atmosphere of the office and makes teamwork nearly impossible.?? Instead, employees focus on staying in the good graces of the bullying boss rather than focusing on the job at hand. Tough Bosses Are Honest and Trustworthy but Bullies Spread Rumors and Gossip   A tough boss tells his employees like it is. He does not mince words, but he is respectful in the process. Additionally, employees know that they can count on him, to be honest in all situations, even when the truth hurts. Meanwhile, a bullying boss is manipulative. He will control situations by spreading rumors or gossiping about others.?? He often pits one employee against another and encourages unhealthy competition. If you find yourself in a situation where your boss is trying to bait you into an unhealthy conversation about another employee, do not take the bait. Maintain your beliefs and values while trying to determine how best to deal with your situation. A Word From Verywell Mind If you believe your boss is bullying you, this is not an environment that you should try to live with. Remember, dealing with a bullying boss can be exhausting. Consequently, if you are feeling emotionally drained, depressed or anxious, contact your healthcare provider right away. Additionally, you should come up with a plan on how to deal with your situation. Your options include reporting your bosss bullying behavior to human resources or trying to find another job. But it is never a good idea to try to live with workplace bullying.

The Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver - 1124 Words

In the novel The Poisonwood Bible, written by Barbara Kingsolver, the reader is introduced to the Price family, Baptist missionaries who are attempting to â€Å"Christianize† the country of Congo, more specifically the village of Kilanga. As the story progresses, the family realizes that they are not changing the Congo; instead, the Congo is changing them. The development of the characters within the novel is due to the instrument of cruelty. Although distasteful to regard it as such, cruelty motivates the development and choices of its subjects, whether politically, culturally, or socially. Rendering itself as a main theme throughout the book, different aspects of cruelty are illustrated through the interactions of the Price family, internally and externally, as well as the overall relationship between the â€Å"white men† and Congo, or more generally the continent of Africa. If one extends their outlook unto Africa, the novel demonstrates the disgraceful actions that the continent endures. Deemed as the â€Å"white men† by the villagers, the countries of Belgium and the United States are the main abusers to this land. By utilizing their military power, both countries take advantage of the weakened state of Africa and manipulate the present government to favor their liking. As their efforts are met with immediate backlash from the public, the countries attempt to validate their selections. They have their â€Å"puppet† Mobutu, the selected president, urge the â€Å"US advisors to hold elections†¦Show MoreRelatedThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1352 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful. In the beginning of The Poisonwood Bible, Orleanna introduces to the readers in a third person’s point of view, â€Å"The daughters march behind her, each one tensed to fire off a woman’s heart on a different path to glory or damnatio n† (5). Orleanna, a mother who lives throughout the story of The Poisonwood Bible, acknowledges how women, in great numbers, are found walking down the path of trying to be successful. The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, involves the Price family of 6, whichRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible Nowadays, in today’s society, survival is considered the basic instinct of all humans. Commonly defined as the state of â€Å"continuing to live or exist, in spite of an accident, ordeal or difficult circumstance,†(Dictionary) survival teaches us the will to succeed and face adversity despite the challenges and obstacles we may encounter along the way. In Barbara Kingsolver’s novel â€Å" The Poisonwood Bible,† there is a central theme of survival. Whether it includes finding suppliesRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1198 Words   |  5 PagesPeriod 2 Part I Title: The Poisonwood Bible Author: Barbara Kingsolver Date of Original Publication: 1998 Biographical information about the author (five facts): -Kingslover was born in 1955 - Throughout her life, she has lived in England, France, and the Canary Islands, and has worked in Europe, Africa, Asia, Mexico, and South America. - Kingsolver was named one the most important writers of the 20th Century by Writers Digest. - Her work, The Poisonwood Bible, was a finalist for the PulitzerRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1241 Words   |  5 Pagespast and present known society, women have not been treated as the full equals of men. A woman s main value is to support a man, bear children, and housekeeping duties. This is how it has always been in most cultures. The novel, The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, shows the paternalistic society in which the Price family lives in. In 1959 an obstinate Baptist minister named Nathan Price drags his wife and four daughters deep into the heart of the Congo on a mission to save the unenlightenedRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1807 Words   |  8 Pageshalf of humanity, for the benefit of all†. Feminism, the act of advocating for female rights in order for them to be equal to those of men, has been an issue for hundreds of years that is sadly lacking present-day progression. In The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingso lver, five females narrate their experiences in Congo during the sixties under not only the Belgian’s rule, but more terribly, under the tyranny of Nathan Price, a Baptist preacher on a mission to convert â€Å"arrogant† Congolese people intoRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1295 Words   |  6 Pages Imperialism has been a strong and long lasting force, oppressing societies for generations on end. The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, demonstrates how the Congo is continuously affected by this concept and ideology. Throughout this story, Kingsolver manipulates each family member and individual within the book, to better show Western and European ideas and attitudes, to convey the large amount of hypocrisy, in foreigner’s actions. No one shows the oppression, inflicted upon the Congo’sRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible 1998 Historical Fiction Characteristics: Unique location, Primitivism, different ways of speaking and racial views Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver, born in 1955, grew up in Kentucky and lived in many different countries such as : England, France, and Canary Islands. She attended Debauw University and University of Arizona where she earned a biology degree. Kingsolver now is a beloved author of eleven books and has been named the most important author of the twentieth centuryRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1961 Words   |  8 PagesThe poisonwood Bible is a book about identity, growing up and family. The main characters throughout the book grow and learn to become new people through new relationships they develop while in the Congo as well as through struggles they face while in the Congo. Barbara Kingsolver uses the literary elements of plot, the characters, and point of view to develop the characterization and relationships between the Price family in the Poisonwood Bible. Throughout the book Kingsolver uses different aspectsRead MoreEssay on The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver919 Words   |  4 Pagesa sure sense of self. But along with all these great things come regret, guilt, and shame of past events. Everyone deals with these in different ways, sometimes turning to religion and denial as coping mechanisms. In the novel The Poisonwood Bible, By Barbara Kingsolver, each member of the Price family deals with a personal guilt either gained while on their mission in the Congo or long before. This novel exemplifies the different types of guilt the Price family experienced throughout their stay inRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver2015 Words   |  9 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible, written by Barbara Kingsolver, details the experiences of a missionary family in the Congo, narrated by the Price women. Multiple questions are introduced over the course of the novel, some being answered and others not so much. One important theme in the novel is the influence of surroundings on the characters, specifically Leah Price. Leah Price arguably went through the most change and development as a result of her surroundings and environment. Her moral, psychological change

The Dark Side of Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 881 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? If one observes the people around them in most any public setting, chances are, many have their eyes gazing in a sort of hypnotic trance, being absorbed into the glow of their phone screens. Our modern society has become disturbingly dependent on the various forms of technology, one of which, being social media. Social media has completely transformed the way we connect with others, almost to where we no longer need to communicate with anyone in person. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Dark Side of Social Media" essay for you Create order Why take the time out of our busy schedules to have a face-to-face conversation when one could accomplish nearly the same thing through a smartphone? That is the alarming mindset that many people have adapted to, especially the younger generation, and it is the very thing that makes social media so dangerous. Although it can be a great way to stay in touch with old friends, or keep up with important information, there are several negative factors of social media that interfere with having authentic social experiences, and more people should be aware of these potential harms. The addictive properties of social media are one of these negative factors. When most people think of addiction, images of drugs or alcohol come to mind, along with their dangerous physical and mental effects. Some may not consider social media to be a real addiction because it does not present itself in the same manner as other common substances. However, repeatedly engaging in anything despite its negative cons equences could still be considered a form of addiction. Though it may not be especially life threatening, the compulsive use of social media is still worth some concern. According to an article discussing this topic, the chemicals in our brain are to blame for some of social medias addictive properties. When one receives a notification on their phone, the brain is flooded with the chemical dopamine, causing feelings of happiness. the brain enjoys this rush of dopamine and causes one to check their phone again and again in order to re-create that rewarding feeling. The article states that 72% of teens sleep with their phones nearby, 60% text while doing homework, and 72% feel pressure to respond to notifications immediately. These statistics show the strong association one makes between social media and pleasure, and how difficult it can be resist checking those notifications. Even if it is something as insignificant as a like on Instagram or a comment on Facebook (Carro). Another factor equally as concerning, is that social media may cause a decrease in social skills. As a result of its addictive properties, it seems as though more people are becomin g overly comfortable with communicating through social media instead of talking in person. Out of one thousand teenagers ages thirteen to seventeen, 61% prefer talking online instead of in person (Loveland). Although some may say social media is overall more convenient, could interacting too much through technology damage a teens social development? With this idea in mind, researchers from UCLA conducted a recent study to test pre-teens ability to interpret non-verbal cues, which is a crucial factor of good communication and social skill. For 5 days, half of the children were sent to a nature camp that lacked access to any screen-based media. They were then compared to the other half of the participants who continued with their normal use of media, which averaged over four hours per day. Both groups took a pre- and post-test that required them to read emotions from photos and videos containing no audio. The results showed significant improvements with reading non-verbal cues in the group that was removed from social media. The control group, however, showed little to no improvements. This study is an excellent example of how social media may be more of a barrier in socialization rather than a positive source of interaction. As a result of all these negative factors discussed, social media may also have the potential to be harmful to ones mental health. The addictive properties, combined with the lack of social connection, could spiral in to a loop of isolation. This can be risky for anyones mental state, especially that of an unsecure teenager. Psychologist Ethan Kross and others conducted a study on the mental well-being of Facebook users. The results confirmed there is indeed a link between mental health problems, and social media. The researchers write, Facebook provides an invaluable resource for fulfilling the basic human need for social connection. Rather than enhancing well-being, however, these findings suggest that Facebook may undermine it (Kross et al.). Overall, there are few inventions tha t have affected our lives as profoundly as social media. It is assumed that teens will continue to successfully adapt to their environment as they always have in the past. However, I think its possible that the very quality that makes teens so adaptable also makes them vulnerable. Social media undoubtedly has an abundance of positive uses that have been a great advance in technology. But without being cautious, it can manipulate one into spending more of their time aimlessly scrolling online instead of interacting with others. This is what causes the confusion between a real, meaningful connection and an artificial, digital one. It is important that everyone, especially teens, should be more aware of the gimmicks of social media, and the potentially harmful affects it has on their wellbeing.

The Consequences Of Global Warming - 1579 Words

The Consequences of Global Warming What does someone think of when the topic of global warming is presented? They might think of the earth warming, or the sun burning up, but do they think of the affects this issue has caused our Mother Earth or think about what they do on a day-to-day basis as being the prime contributor to this environmental problem? Do they realize or even worry about the next generation dying because of the various factors of global warming? Some may think of global warming as a tale or publicly over-rated, but what they do not realize is that global warming has become one of the top three environmental problems of the century. Some do not agree that humans are to blame, only nature going through its natural cycle. Although, scientists around the world are now beginning to have proof of this cause-and-effect we have placed on our planet which is beginning to answer the question of global warming being real. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"The earth’s a verage temperature has risen by 1.4* over the past century, and it is projected to rise by another 2 to 11.5*F over the next hundred years. Small changes in temps of the planet can translate to large and potentially dangerous shifts in climate and weather† (â€Å"Climate Change: Basic Information†). Because of human activities, global warming has been created, which is the key component to habitat loss, extinction of species, unpredictable weather patterns, and the chance of moreShow MoreRelatedImminent Consequences Of Global Warming1700 Words   |  7 PagesImminent Consequences of Global Warming There is a dire divide between scientists and politicians in the world that has potential to seriously harm the entirety of the Earth. Nothing represents that divide as closely as the debate over climate change. In a NASA article describing global warming and authored by Holli Riebeek, it was found that an almost unanimous amount, 97%, of climate scientists believe that there is strong evidence to confirm global warming (Riebeek) Many world governments reflectRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Global Warming2177 Words   |  9 PagesJainam Shah Professor Larry Menna SOIM-UB 125.007 04/03/2016 Causes and Consequences of Global Warming in California Fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, have facilitated global economic development by stimulating the industrial sector. Formed when organic matter gradually concentrates over the span of millions of years, fossil fuels constitute the world s primary source of energy. Upon extraction, they are processed in refineries to create invaluable rawRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Global Warming1662 Words   |  7 PagesHow would you feel if you were the cause of Global warming? Unfortunately, science shows that is exactly the case. In a report in 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated, There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities†. Global warming comes as a direct result of the greenhouse effect- the trapping of the sun s warmth in a planet s lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphereRead MoreClimate Change Is The Consequence Of Global Warming1096 Words   |  5 Pagesrotted vegetation. Climate change has often been confused with global warming, which in fact has an opposite meaning. Climate change in truth is the consequence of global warming. This is because when the temperature increases, the additional energy modifies all the patterns of which humans are familiar with. It refers to â€Å"long-term change† in Earth’s climate which includes warming, cooling, and other changes besides temperature. Global warming is the temper ature increase assembled by adding the greenhouseRead MoreCurrent And Future Consequences Of Global Warming2373 Words   |  10 PagesBajunaid GLOBAL WARMING Current and Future Consequences of Global Warming 11/5/2014 Abdulrahman Al Shahri Deniz OÄŸuzer Isfan Satrya Global warming is defined as the continuing increase of global temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere and surface. This paper addresses the possible causes for this phenomenon, its effects on societal structure and policy, possible solutions, and the way going forward. GLOBAL WARMING Al Shahri, Oguzer, Satrya Current and Future Consequences of Global Warming NovemberRead MoreGlobal Warming: Contemporary Issues Companion1526 Words   |  7 Pages(IPCC), a group of scientific experts assembled by the United Nations, released a frightening report on the potential consequences of the climate phenomenon known as global warming. The panel found that the 1990s had been the warmest decade on record and predicted that temperatures will rise anywhere from 2.5 to 10.4 degrees around the world over the next century, causing changes to global weather patterns. Indeed, unusual and frequently destructive weather had been occurring around the globe: twenty-sevenRead MorePros and Cons: Global Warming Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesAlleged Global Warming has been a hot topic and been widely reported in the American media since the 1970s. In March 2014, TED, a nonprofit committed to expanding ideas with short talks, gave a powerful presentation of the alleged current consequences of Global Warming in Gavi n Schmidt’s (2014) talk: The emergent patterns of climate change. His claims are stark and he implores his audience to take the grave predictions of Global Warming seriously and not just write it off as insignificant. WhileRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Greenhouse Gases1720 Words   |  7 PagesMany people know that global warming is an issue in today’s world because news media and politicians always talk about global warming and the greenhouse gasses. It seems like an issue that is not going to go away, and it is going to stick around for some time. As early as in 2006, Al Gore, the former vice-president of the United States, said that the burning of the fossil fuels was one of the reasons that increased the amount of carbon dioxide, and he said that if carbon dioxide could melt the polarRead MoreGlobal Warming : Physics And Its Outcome On The World1528 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming: Physics and Its Outcome on the World People complain about hot summers, and to cold of winters, why it would still be snowing during May in North East, Ohio. These temperature changes could all be a result of one thing, global warming. Global warming is a change in temperature due to gases and solutions humans put into the environment. The gases and solutions effect the natural gases in the environment that maintain the temperatures around the world. Although that is how global warmingRead MoreEnvironmental Risk Perception Paper1324 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental Risk Perception Paper Justin Yates Environmental Psychology June 17, 2014 Gerry Lloyd Environmental Risk Perception Paper As the earth continues to age, there are many harmful and lasting direct consequences that the earth and the human nature have endured. The earth as well as humans has to digest all the pollution, deforestation, changes in the environment, and the epic fails of humans trying to better the human life through technology and many projects

Forced Air Induction Essay Example For Students

Forced Air Induction Essay The Garret Aviation VNT-25 The idea of forced air induction by turbine, orturbo, is not new and has its mass production roots in WWII fighter planes. What is new, however, is its application to passenger automobiles. Unlike a nearconstant high RPM fighter engine, an automobile requires wide-open throttle (WOT)power availability throughout its entire operating range. Previous automotiveturbo applications acted like an on-off power switch with a five second delay,decreasing drivability, rather than providing the smooth linear powerband of anormally aspirated engine. Because the turbine is in a fixed position in theexhaust stream, it was plagued with sometimes uncontrolled production from thecompressor at high engine speeds, commonly referred to as boost creep, and asignificant decrease fuel economy versus a similar, but naturally aspiratedengine. The Garret Aviation produced VNT-25 solved all of these problems withits innovative Variable Nozzle Turbine. Hands down it is the most advanced turboever mass-produced and it was the first of its kind on production cars. One ofthe most talked about problems with turbo charged engines is the lengthy time ittakes for the turbo itself to accelerate to operational speeds. This is commonlyreferred to as turbo lag or turbo spool up time. Under WOT, turbo lag results ina seemingly underpowered engine that suddenly comes to life as a delayed tiremelting rush of acceleration. Previously, turbo lag was limited by decreasingthe size of the turbo itself. This resulted in lower rotating mass and moreimportantly, a smaller cross sectional area, which accelerated exhaust gasses atlower engine speeds. Although the turbo is able to spool quicker due to itssize, for the same reason its ability to move and compress large amounts of airefficiently is significantly reduced. Inherently a smaller turbo will produceless maximum horsepower than if it were replaced by larger turbo on the sameengine. Previous turbochargers also used a fixed position turbine that poweredthe centrifugal compressor directly. Because the turbine is located directly inthe exhaust stream, the turbine is a huge exhaus t restriction. This restrictioncreates a constant exhaust backpressure that decreases fuel economy even whenthe turbo is not in use. At high engine speeds, the restriction creates enoughpressure in front of the turbine (back pressure) that the wastegate can nolonger limit turbine power by bypassing the exhaust around the turbine. Theresult is that turbo compresses more air into the engine than is wanted. Forexample, a turbo was set to produce a maximum 12psi boost pressure, but during aperiod of sustained wide open throttle high engine speeds the turbo is nowproducing 14.5psi of boost and still rising. This unwanted phenomenon is calledboost creep. The VNT-25 solves all of these problems with an innovative turbinecalled a Variable Nozzle Turbine. Rather than a fixed turbine the VNT-25 uses aring of 12 moveable paddles aligned around a central, but very small turbinewheel. The entire exhaust charge is then directed to the small turbine by thepaddles. Moving the paddles varied the cro ssectional area that the exhaust mustpass through. When the paddles are nearly closed the exhaust is acceleratedtowards the turbine wheel to increase power. Decreasing the crossectional areaof flow accelerates normally slow, low engine speed, gasses and nearlyeliminates turbo lag while allowing a large and efficient compressor wheel forexcellent maximum engine power. Opening the paddles allowed the exhaust to flowslower and bypass the turbine to limit power. This unique arrangementsignificantly reduced backpressure, greatly improved fuel economy, and allowsexcellent control turbine power at sustained high engine speed, without the useof a bulky external wastegate. The Garret VNT isnt without its drawbacks. Inhigh performance applications it is a turbo that has little to be desired. Theengineers of this turbo, in their effort to reduce turbo lag as much aspossible, kept the compressor and turbine as small as possible. The smaller sizeof the turbine and the compressor decreases the si ze and therefore the weight ofthe turbo internals. Keeping the weight as light as possible reduces rotationalinertia to an absolute minimum, which results in a much more responsive turbo. .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d , .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .postImageUrl , .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d , .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:hover , .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:visited , .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:active { border:0!important; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:active , .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94ad880034e0b7c3fd70f54b37de133d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Room Of One's Own Essay Because the exducer, that is the compressor, is of a compressor type,operational speeds are very high. It is not unlikely for a VNT to reach maximumoperational speeds of 173 thousand revolutions per minute even though resting orcruise speed of the turbine is only 2000-6000 RPMs. It is thislatency of the turbo to accelerate to operating speeds that is referred to asturbo lag. Although the small size of the turbine is ideal for a moderateperformance car, its size is a handicap in racing situations. Inherent with asmall compressor is its ability to quickly reach operating boost pressure. Thisdoes not come with out a penalty. Effectively this small compressor tradesefficiency for speed. As any gas is compressed the temperature of it rises. Smaller compressors will tend to heat the compressed air more than would alarger turbo for a given pressure. Bernoullis principal states that as a gas iscompressed the temperature increases as the volume decreases. The inefficiencyof the VNT at pressures over 15 pounds per square inch increases the temperatureof the gas more than it is possible for it to compress, or decrease the volume. The result is that the increase in boost pressure is inversely proportional tothe volume of air moved. As the compressor works to decrease the volume of air,the rise in temperature works to increase the volume. Eventually the volume ofair is expanded by heat more than it can be compressed. The point at which thishappens is referred to as the stall speed. Because a larger turbo, although slowto respond, is much more efficient at higher pressures it will result in a muchcooler charge at a given pressure. A smaller compressor also cannot move largequantities of air at high pressures as would a larger turbo be able to. The sizeof the VNT, although ideal for 12psi as it was intended for, suffers greatly inhigh performance applications from stall speed of psi. The turbine also suffersfrom a small and compact A/R ratio. The A/R is the ratio at which the turbine orcompressor housing is cast. The A/R is the ratio at which the volume of thehousing as gasses enter the housing to the volume it e xits. For instance, thesize of connection on the intake side of the compressor is two and one quarterinches inside diameter and has a volume of 323 cubic centimeters until itreaches the compressor. The exit side is also two and one quarter inches insidediameter and contains a volume of 155ccs. The volume of each path to thecompressor is misleading and cannot be determined from the diameter of the exitor intrance alone. The intake passage is a direct and simple path to thecompressor cartridge. The exit, however, is fluted from the from a very wide andnarrow, almost rectangular, passage at the side of the compressor to a standard2 inch inside diameter round pipe fitting. This fluted shape insures that thespeed of the compressed charge is kept relatively high. The high speed maintainsthat the compressed charge is kept away from the compressor. If it were allowedto back up near the compressor, the compressor would have to work much harder tomove the already dense air. The result would b e that the clready compressed airwould be further compressed and heated. Although the small inlet and outletsizes contribute to increased velocity With the introduction of the GarretVNT-25 it is now possible for a small displacement turbo charged engine tooperate and perform nearly identical to a much larger engine. The ON/OFF switchof turbo power is gone and is now replaced by the safer, smoother, and much morelinear acceleration comparable to naturally aspirated engines of much largerdisplacement. A VNT-25 equipped engine also has the potential to, and usuallydoes, produce much more power than engines twice its size. However, withdisciplined drivers, it does not loose the fuel economy characteristics inherentwith small, normally aspirated engines when the turbo is not in use. The VNT-25combines the responsiveness of a small turbo with the efficiency and performanceof a much larger turbocharger. Simply stated, the VNT-25 is the idealturbocharger. It allows great power almost no tur bo lag, great responsiveness,retains engine and compressor efficiency, and allows excellent turbine controlfrom boost creep. BibliographyRalph C. Bohn, Angus MacDonald. Energy Technology. Fourth Edition, Peoria,IL: Macmillan/McGraw Publishing, 1992. Chrysler Passenger Cars Factory ServiceManual vol.1; Engine and Chassis 1990. www.alliedsignal.com/business/turbo/about_cas.htmlhttp://idt.net/~vnt4/vntrpt.html http://idt.net/~vnt4Physics

With Reference to Bp Plc’s free essay sample

I will illustrate this discussion with an analysis of the strategies employed by the multinational energy company BP plc (formally British Petroleum). Firstly I shall introduce a tool by which cultural attributes and values pertinent to business can be measured and compared through the study of Geert Hofstede. Then I will introduce the firm BP plc, discussing the firm’s history and current competitive environment. BP plc’s recent and current strategic management actions will be outlined and I will analyse any correspondence between the firm’s strategy and cultural biases as revealed by Hofstede. When considering the effect a firm’s home culture may have upon those firms’ operations we must first find a standard methodology that can be applied to measure the value of said culture or indeed all cultures because without comparison with another culture’s values then our measure becomes arbitrary. Measuring Cultural Values Fortunately the work of Hofstede has provided us with such a measure. We will write a custom essay sample on With Reference to Bp Plc’s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He drew on analysis of data gathered from employees of one of the largest multinational companies at the time, IBM (1967 to 1973) these results have since been supported by several more independent studies. Hofstede produced results that showed different culture’s values in the workplace in terms of four (initially) ‘cultural dimensions’ which was extended to five after a further study designed by Chinese academics: Power Distance Index (PDI) is the extent to which it is accepted in a society that there is an uneven spread of power distribution. Specifically as viewed by those with the least power in any given society. A culture with a high PDI shows that it is an accepted and even expected element of that society that a very few people will retain a large proportion of power influence and wealth. Individualism (IDV) which can be contrasted with collectivism. The inference being that individualistic societies have a less integrated group dynamics, the emphasis on looking after oneself and perhaps your own nuclear family. Whilst collectivist societies tend to be viewed as having tight group cohesion with the emphasis on the ties between members of extended families and those in one’s community. Masculinity (MAS) opposed to femininity. Best described as behavioural opposites, a masculine culture will be more assertive and domineering, a feminine culture more inclined to progression through discussion and mutual cooperation. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) refers to a society’s ability to withstand levels of uncertainty and risk. A society with a low tolerance to uncertainty is more likely to favour structured situations with known and accepted boundaries. It is also less likely to be accepting of new ideas and methods, as these again may constitute an unknown risk. Long-Term Orientation (LTO) is the additional dimension. It refers to values derived from culture’s time perspective. Those with a long term orientation i. e. those who value perseverance and those with short term orientation who value more immediate results. Viewing the combined results of these dimensions for each country goes towards establishing that there are indeed very different cultural biases in each society concerning attitudes in the workplace and in business. When the relative scores are viewed side by side we have a powerful visual tool for exploring how cultural biases may manifest themselves in firms and organisations based in those cultures. In Fig. 1 we see the results for the United Kingdom which can be contrasted against the average results fro all countries in the study. We can observe that British cultural dimensions reflect low power distance tolerance, high individuality, high masculinity, low tolerance to uncertainty and a short term orientation. BP plc. (British Petroleum) When considering which international firm to use as a case study I was curious to apply this discussion to an industry and firm which is a product of the greatest possible degree of globalisation. In a world society with a hydrocarbon economy I find it hard to conceive of an industry more global than that of energy production and thus a multinational oil company. BP plc, unsurprisingly, is a British company. It was founded in 1908 and owes its early prosperity to exploitation of Iranian (formally Persian) oilfields, where it continued to operate until the revolution in Iran in 1979. Although having lost access to the Iranian oilfields, BP plc had expanded operations to the North Sea and Alaska during the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s the British government sold off its holdings in the company under the privatization drive. At the end of the decade the company underwent severe corporate restructuring and downsizing. In the 1990s BP plc undertook several corporate acquisitions which resulted in BP becoming the second largest oil company at that time. Moving forward to the present day, according to the Forbes Global 2000 ranking of leading public companies in the world BP plc is ranked seventh as of 2008. It is one of the six ‘supermajor’ oil companies. This title referring to the six biggest energy companies in the world, these firms developed after oil companies began to merge in the 1990s following a period of low oil prices. The intent being to take advantage of the economies of scale such mergers would offer. Anon, 2008) This behavior is typical of the pressures created by increasing globalization; ‘Globalization, the internationalization of markets and corporations, has changed the way modern corporations do business. To reach the economies of scale necessary to achieve the low costs, and thus the new prices, needed to be competitive, companies are now thinking of a global (worldwide) market instead of a national market. ’ (Wheelen et al. 2002) Moving into this decade there have been several events in recent years that have had the potential for large scale negative effects on the firm. In March of 2005, a large explosion hit BPs Texas City Refinery in the United States. Many people were injured in the accident some fatally. BP has admitted full liability for the accident. The following year, in March 2006, a leak in one of BPs pipelines in Alaska caused a spill of oil onto the local environment. BP had to replace a large section of this pipeline. A few months later in July 2006, BP announced closure of its remaining oil wells in Alaska due to leaks into the local environment. Additional leaks in Alaska occurred at various facilities in August 2006 and October 2007. (Anon, 2008) In terms of recent expansion of operations BP has pursued opportunities in Asia Pacific gas, Azerbaijan, Algeria, Angola, Trinidad, deepwater Gulf of Mexico and Russia. Whilst also managing the decline of their established oil developments Alaska, Egypt, Latin America, the Middle East, North America gas and the North Sea, by using new recovery techniques and technologies to improve the recovery from those developments. (BP Company Website www. bp. com 2008) BP Alternative Energy was set up in 2005 to confirm BP’s commitment to alternative energy production; ‘In a short time, we’ve made a real difference – and over the next 10 years we aim to invest $8bn in solar, wind, hydrogen and natural gas power technology and projects that will help reduce carbon dioxide further’ (BP Company Website www. bp. com 2008) Eight billion dollars is a huge investment, and arguable has the dual purpose of improving BP’s public image in the short term and improving its long term competitive advantage as would occur if BP can become a market leader in hese emerging new technologies. Strategy What is strategy? In terms relative to our discussion, strategy and strategic management may be viewed a three part process for the firm in which strategic analysis is required to understand the current position of the firm, strategic choice is require to formulate and choose between of plans of action and strategic implementation is concerned with how strategic choices are delivered (Johnson et al 1989). Failure in realising any part of this strategic process will result in inefficient strategy for the firm. The importance of strategy in the increasingly globalised industries is explained by Wheelen et al; ‘As more industries become global, strategic management is becoming an increasingly important way to keep track of international developments and position the company for long-term competitive advantage. ’ (Wheelen et al. 2002) Essentially, intelligent and appropriate strategic decisions in response to internationally influentially events are necessary in order for a firm to position itself in the market and achieve long term competitive advantage. A concept further emphasised by Porter; A global industry is one in which the strategic positions of competitors in major geographic or national markets are fundamentally affected by their overall global positions. ’ (Porter 2004) Having established what ‘strategy’ entails for a multinational company in a competitive environment of globalisation we should examine Bp’s future strategy. BP’s Annua l Review for 2007 contains the following statement about its strategic intent; ‘BP’s strategy for the future is robust. We have great positions in many of the major hydrocarbon basins of the world. We also have great market positions in the key economies and are preparing for the future by building a new low-carbon energy business. Executing our strategy is where we must improve. In safety, we are significantly lowering the risk profile of our operations. We are working hard to ensure that we have the right people with the right skills in the right places. And we are addressing performance by reducing organizational complexity, improving operational consistency and changing individual behaviours. On the front lines of our business, we are moving this agenda forward. (BP Company Website www. bp. com 2008) Analysis of this statement, along with the information outlined in the previous section regarding recent activities and events in the past decade at BP reveals several key elements of strategy aimed at establishing competitive advantage; BP has identified which area of strategy it must improve upon, that of strategic implementation, as mentioned earlier. BP wishes to reduce the risk associated with their operations. BP is aggressively pursuing new opportunities to ensure its long term viability as an oil producer. BP’s strategy regarding performance includes changing individual behaviours and selecting the best individuals for the business. BP is investing in new and alternative sources of energy to ensure its long term viability as a energy producer and improve its public image BP had a strategy of acquisition and takeover in the late 1990s in order to improve its competitive advantage through economies of scale and also enter new markets. Does Home Culture Matter? Do BP plc’s strategic decisions reflect the cultural dimensions revealed by Hofstede’s study? Reviewing again the British cultural dimensions, we find a culture of low power distance tolerance, high individuality, high masculinity, low tolerance to uncertainty and a short term orientation. Looking at the strategic points above, can be associate any of them with Hofstede’s cultural dimensions? BP wishes to reduce the risk associated with their operations, which would certainly fit the model of a culture of low uncertainty tolerance. BP’s emphasis on the value of the skilled individual and on individual behaviours reflects on this British cultural value of high individuality. BP’s strategy of acquisition reflects the assertive qualities associated with high masculinity, as does the aggressive exploitation of new opportunities. However, when considering the cultural dimension of long-term orientation versus short-term orientation, one must conclude that BP adheres to strategy that suggest a very high long term orientation; its attention to strategic implementation as a means to improve market positioning and competitive advantage, heavy investment in oil exploration and development but also, and perhaps more importantly, heavy investment in the energy producing technologies of the long term future. Both as a means to secure competitive advantage at that time and also to improve its public image. The latter reason suggests a commitment to relational sales strategies, a long term orientation strategy. Perhaps this is not especially surprising given the amount of negative press that was created by several oil spills and a huge industrial accident. BP of course displays many aspects of short term orientation, a drive for performance enhancement and maximisation of profits for example. However the predilection for long-term orientation is not described as being part of British culture by Hofstede’s study. Conclusion In considering the possibility that it is in some way old fashioned to consider the influence of the firm’s home country’s institutions and culture given globalisation’s supposedly homogenising effects we must first acknowledge that the use of one example to illustrate our discussion is hardly likely to be conclusive. With reference to BP plc’s strategic decisions and use of Hofstede’s cultural study I would conclude that in the main part, yes, there is a correlation and thus a suggestion of home culture influence. I believe that the one anomalous result, that of evidence of a strong long-term orientation in BP’s strategy can be explained by the process of globalisation itself and the industry of the firm involved. A multinational firm dealing in a huge and vital industry as oil and energy production could simply not have survived without a tendency for long term orientation in strategy; it would have been consumed by another company by now, very much as BP and the other ‘supermajors’ consumed or merged with smaller companies in the 1990s. Long-term competitive advantage and the necessity of achieving those economies of scale demanded it. In essence, short-term orientation in business strategy cannot endure on the scale that globalisation exists in. In conclusion, no, I do not believe it is old fashioned to consider the influence of the firm’s home country’s institutions and culture, but it must be acknowledged that globalisation itself creates its own normative values in the dimension of long term orientation.

The Cross Family of Words

The Cross Family of Words The Cross Family of Words The Cross Family of Words By Mark Nichol Cross, a word with a great variety of meanings, is also at the head of an extensive family of words, some of which are listed and defined in this post. Cross made its way into English circuitously from the Latin word crux, with stops in Old Irish and Old Norse. It originally referred to a post with a crossbeam on which condemned prisoners were hung to be executed. By its association with the execution of Jesus in such circumstances, it became a symbol of Christianity, not only as a t-shaped object but also as a series of gestures that collectively suggest the shape of the cross and are intended to convey an appeal to Jesus Christ for a blessing. Capitalized, the word refers to the specific cross on which the execution took place; in this way, it is also a metonym for the Christian religion. (A metonym is a figure of speech in which a detail associated with an entity or an idea represents the entire entity or idea.) Metaphorically, in the phrase â€Å"cross to bear,† the word also suggests a personal trial, evoking the story that Jesus was forced to drag his cross over his shoulder to the site of his execution. Cross also refers to any similarly shaped object or sign or to an x used as a signature. The word also denotes an act of hybridizing, or crossbreeding, living things or an animal that is a result of hybridization, as well as an intersection, a boxing punch, or a diagonal or lateral pass in soccer or any similar activity, as in a movement onstage during a theatrical performance. The word also pertains to an opposing or thwarting of an intention or to a dishonest or fraudulent contest or practice. Verb and adjectival forms apply to these definitions as well, and the adjective across means â€Å"over,† â€Å"through,† or â€Å"on the opposite side of,† as well as â€Å"throughout,† and pertains to intersecting or passing through at an angle. (Across is also an adverb, as in â€Å"Walk across the field.†) A crusade was originally a military expedition undertaken to assert political and religious control over the region of the Middle East associated with early Christianity; the series of such efforts that occurred during the Middle Ages is referred to as the Crusades. By extension, a crusade is any enthusiastic enterprise. The noun crucifixion, as well as the verb crucify, refers to execution on a cross; the verb also refers metaphorically to ridiculing, scorning, or tormenting someone in the public arena. Cruciform means â€Å"cross shaped,† a crucifer is a person who carries a cross in a religious procession or one of a family of edible plants (and a crozier is a symbolic shepherd’s crook carried by certain Christian clerics); cruciferous describes a specimen in the latter category. A cruciverbalist, meanwhile, is a preparer of crossword puzzles. Other words stemming from crux include the use of the Latin term in English to refer to a difficult or unsolved problem or an essential point or main feature; the resulting adjective crucial means â€Å"decisive† or â€Å"significant,† and excruciating is an adjective meaning â€Å"agonizing† or â€Å"extreme† and refers usually to pain but sometimes to psychologically uncomfortable situations or to unpleasant emotions such as boredom. As seen in a couple examples above, cross is also employed as the first element in a compound word. Other examples include crosswalk and crosswind; most of these are treated as closed compounds, but there are exceptions, including cross-eye and cross-stitch. Occasionally, cross is the second element, as in double-cross. Crucible appears to be related but is not; it derives from the Latin term crucibulum, referring to an earthen pot in which metals are melted. That function, and perhaps the resemblance to words stemming from crux that begin with the element cruc-, led to the connotation of a test or trial or a situation in which significant change occurs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesWhat to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Customers were able to ask for technical help – online – anytime, a fact, which has been an important criterion for the improvement of the firm’s image in the market (Simchi-Levi, David, Kaminsky, Philip, Simchi-Levi, Edith, 2003). At the same time, the specific system supported the increase of the company’s profits; since the orders of customers could be processed quite rapidly the level of the company’s sales has been significantly increased, a fact which is reflected in the firm’s financial statements in the years that followed the establishment of the Networked Supply Chain strategy. Indeed, in 1995, i.e. before the introduction of the particular strategy, the firm’s profits were estimated to $2 billion. In 1998, i.e. in just three years from the above system’s implementation, the firm’s profits reached the $9 billion, which is a significant increase. Apart from the financial benefits of the particular framework, its ability to create a dynamic relationship between customers and suppliers should be also highlighted. More specifically, through the particular system, suppliers were notified of each new order, a fact that allowed the suppliers to start building the product ordered immediately after the order was placed. In this way, the delivery of the order to the customer on time, one of the firm’s main targets, was ensured. In addition, customers could choose the exact form/ material of their product; also, they could monitor the progress of their order at any time. The products ordered through the particular scheme were of high quality, having been chosen by the customers and be available for testing online. The ‘direct fulfillment’ scheme that the company used, focusing on the issues discussed above, led to the limitation of the operational costs of the organization at about ‘$12 million annually’ (page 2, case study). In other words, the firm’s Networke d Strategy offered the chance for improving the quality of customer service, for reducing the time for handling orders and for controlling the organizational costs. Despite its benefits, as analyzed above, the Networked Strategy of Cisco had also a series of problems to face. At a first level, the forecast of demand was not always easy – referring to the firm’s partners. Because of the lack of effective communication between the firm’s suppliers and manufacturers, the process and the delivery of orders often had to face significant delays. Networking offered the chance for direct control over existing orders, but because of the system’s inefficiency this control often required a lot of time – at least much more time than that estimated from the system’s developers. In this context, the time between the delivery of the order and its payment was significant, leading to the delay in paying suppliers. Due to this problem, the response of supplie rs to the orders of the firm’s customers became problematic. In this context, in 2000 the firm had to face the following problem: the shortage many of the components used for the manufacturing of its products (case study, p.3). As a result, the time required for the delivery of ordered products was increased. Delays that reached the 15 days became a common phenomenon. The specific fact severely affected the firm’s image, a firm which was known for the high level of its customer

Organization Design 4370 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Design 4370 - Assignment Example These two aspects have provided a competitive advantage to chipotle over its rivals who find it hard to copy it. Chipotle has a centralized organizational structure. Decision making is done at the top management level with very less delegation of power and authority to regional directors and managers. This has made communication between departments very difficult as there are no integrating mechanisms between the departments. Due to the centralized structure rules and regulations are followed to the latter. There are no adjustments in the running of the business as decision making is done by the top management. Socialization is an important thing to chipotle as it needs to identify with the residents of the business area. This will help the company to understand the market better as well as the customer needs. Chipotle has a mechanistic structure. This is because Chipotle decision making is left to the top management and communication is vertical. The reporting relationship is well defined and every employee specializes in one task. There is lack of cohesion between the corporate and the operations departments. The current structure of Chipotle creates a gap between the operations employees and the corporate employees. Creating integrating roles between departments and bringing together cross functional teams to work on development specific problems within the company will help in resolving the flaw in the communication. The current corporate structure is very lean with little overlap in functional areas causing disruption in the event of staffing changes. This can be resolved by cross training of individuals across different units. The company should implement an internal entrepreneurship program to encourage corporate employees to demonstrate the type of people-development that the Restaurateurs are known

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay The wing design of a Micro Air Vehicle is to be designed to aid in the assessment of earthquake damage. The MAV is required only to be powered by an electrical motor, limiting flight time and endurance/range, and must be able to fly to the scene quickly and efficiently. Therefore, the analysis of the wing structure is two-fold: 1) having an efficient wing design for cruise (faster) flight and 2) having an effective loiter (slower flight) wing design. The main methodology in ensuring the optimal wing structure would be to design two aerofoils with an actuator which will morph the wing dependant on the different requirements. The software package DESFOIL, on the University of Sheffield intranet, is considered a friendlier user interface for the original XFOIL package created by MIT Professor Mark Drela to aid in the understanding of low speed aerofoil flow solution. However, since XFOIL contains a less than friendly interface, DESFOIL, a MATLAB based software, creates a friendlier user interface, enabling aerofoil analysis to be more easily understood. NACA Aerofoils Since NACA aerofoils will be the predominant choice in attaining the aerofoils for our MAV, this section will concentrate on providing a breakdown on the key aspects of such aerofoils. The 4 digits associated with the NACA aerofoil provide information as to the physical structure of the aerofoil. The four digits are broken up as such The first number offers information about the maximum camber as a percentage of the chord length. The second digit provides information as to the position of this maximum camber as a function of the overall chord length (in tens of units) The final two digits provide information on the maximum thickness of the aerofoil as a percentage of the overall chord length, as a percentage. Thus, it can easily be seen that the chord length is pivotal in determining the correct NACA aerofoils. Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre Other important aerofoil characteristics are the centre of pressure and aerodynamic centre. If we consider them individually, we can attain a clearer picture of their importance. Starting with the centre of pressure, it is known that the positioning of this point changes with lift, namely it moves towards the leading edge as lift increases. However, using this same theory, it can be understood that this centre of pressure can move outside of the aerofoil geometry. More specifically, at low levels of lift generation, the pressure centre can be behind the aerofoil. Such a parameter is important to understand since it allows for trimming of the potential aircraft on which the aerofoil will be mounted. The centre of pressure can be calculated using calculus provided a pressure distribution is understood. Since we are dealing with a distribution, the length of the chord becomes increasingly important and it is normal to talk about the pressure as a function of chord length, generally starting with the leading edge. The aerodynamic centre contains a more direct link with the stability of the aircraft/aerofoil. The aerodynamic centre is the point on the aerofoil where the pitching moment of the aerofoil is independant of the angle of incidence. Understanding of this point is crucial due to its large contribution to the balancing and therefore stability of the aerofoil/ aircraft. Since the majority of aerofoils which will be considered within this journal are cambered, it is interesting to note that the aerodynamic centre is approximately situated at a point  ¼ of the chord length. Drag When considering drag, the main thought is of a retarding force to motion in a certain direction. The relationship is simple; the greater the drag (retarding) force, the greater impedance on motion. From an aerofoil design point of view, we wish for such force to be as minimal as possible since a lower retarding force allows faster speeds (longer endurance and/ or range) and more efficient flight. To understand more about drag, we need to understand more about the different components of the force. If we can understand the forces main constituent parts, this may help us lower the drag our aerofoil experiences. The drag force can be broken up into several different components. Some of these are Parasitic drag Lift induced drag As we will later calculate, the lift our aerofoil produces will vary depending upon which flight attitude regime we are in i.e. loiter or cruise, and thus the drag each regime experiences will vary. Since this is important in understanding how the aerofoil will react to regime changes, the lift induced drag will be looked at more closely within this analysis. The concept of parasitic drag is broken into many different parts. Such constituent parts include skin friction and pressure drag. The concept of skin friction comes about due to the interaction of fluid molecules contacting the surface of the aerofoil, bringing local wall shear stresses into consideration. It can thus be seen that the faster the motion of molecules past the aerofoil, the larger wall shear stress. The skin friction coefficient shares an inverse parabolic relationship with the speed of the aircraft The contribution from pressure drag will be considered in terms of flow separation points further into this report. Such drag will take precedence in the analysis of drag within this report since it provides a more rigorous depiction of the drag at different angles of attack and different DESFOIL accuracy parameters (panel number). Since DESFOIL offers only this type of drag, it will be assumed that this pressure drag is the overall coefficient of drag, when discussing analysis of graphical data. This is a reasonable assumption since the drag values and pressure distributions compliment each other. Furthermore, since we will later consider the 3D effects of the aerofoil, it is important to note that there will be different drag factors which will increase the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil. A major form of drag which the aerofoil will experience while in flight is the vortex drag, more specifically the drag due to the mismatch of pressure along the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil. More specifically, this drag arises due to an overspill of high pressure on the lower surface of the aerofoil to the upper surface, which is abundant in low pressure areas. Thus as the aerofoil moves through the fluid, in our case air, this overspill will manifest itself into tip vortex, increasing the drag experience by the aerofoil. Thus, although only drag will be termed in this journal, there may be separate underlying factors involved. 3D and 2D Calculations Although DESFOIL is only applicable to 2D aerofoils, adjustments can be made such that the results from DESFOIL can be used within 3D situations. Since we are designing an actual aerofoil, such considerations need to be taken into account, and are during the later parts of this journal. The importance of using such a program lays in its simulation of the aerodynamics the aerofoil experiences. Therefore, using such a program allows the possibility to determine what coefficient of lift (or, 2D and 3D analysis respectively) and coefficients of drag, subscriptd, or D accordingly, are needed for optimal flight. As we will determine in this report, optimal coefficients will be calculated and a wing structure designed accordingly. Design Brief The following reading is an analysis of the software package DESFOIL on the suitability of difference NACA 4 digit aerofoils on an MAV of certain design specifications. These include Cruise Speed, = 15 Loiter Speed, = 8 Wing Area, S = 0.13 We will assume a rectangular planform for our aerofoil. Furthermore, we will assume the aerofoil as the main form of lift, i.e. neglecting fuselage, tail plane or rudder lift generation Wing Characteristic/ Structure Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force that a surface produces in the presence of a perpendicular velocity vector. Since lift is defined as a force, , we can assume that lift is some function of the density of the medium it is produced within, , the size of the object producing such a force, , and the before mentioned velocity, Therefore, (1) Where x, y and z are unknown parameters defining the relationship outlined in the equation. Through dimensional analysis we can deduce the values of such unknowns. (2) (3) In terms of lift forces, the constant of proportionality is termed the coefficient of lift, deriving the lift equation (4) It is also possible to consider a more rigorous analysis of the coefficient of lift taking into account symmetrical and cambered aerofoils, which yield and respectively. However, such equations only apply to thin aerofoils and since the thicknesses of the aerofoils are unknown in this assignment, the generic formulae will be used. Similarly, derivation of the drag forces can yield an equivalent drag version of equation (4). (5) To deduce our optimal lift coefficient, we will assume the lift generated will equal the weight of the aircraft, a reasonable assumption when considering straight and level (cruise) flight and the loiter regime. Therefore, the lift coefficients can be calculated for the respective flight conditions (6) Equation (6) yields a cruise coefficient of lift of 0.285, while similar analysis for loiter conditions yields a lift coefficient, of 1. Since we are initially more concerned with the wing aerodynamics with respect to wing structure (aspect ratio), we will consider the induced drag, , whereby, (7) Where e is the Oswald efficiency of the aerofoil, a correctional factor added since the wing shape differs from the elliptical wing used for the derivation, and A is the aspect ratio, calculated by the length to width ratio. To select the best aspect ratio for our aerofoil, the induced drag variation with aspect ratio changes is shown in Figure 1. It can easily been seen from Figure 1 that an aspect ratio of 5 would be acceptable since there is negligible variation in terms of the two dimensionless concepts. However, if we consider this in terms of the actual MAV, an aspect ratio of 5 would yield a span of 0.8m and a chord length of 0.16m. Evidently, while this is the longest and thinnest allowed in this particular investigation, possible structural problems may occur. However, if we consider the capabilities of the aircraft, there are advantages too. As Figure 1 has shown the induced drag in flight would be decreased, enabling better endurance and longer range. The structural instability could be overcome by careful selection of materials and designing of the structure. Thus, although problems may arise from such an aspect ratio, these problems can be overcome and do have their own advantages. Such data allows calculation of cruise and loiter Reynolds number and Mach number to be calculated. Figure 1: Induced Drag and Aspect Ratio relationship (8) (9) Similarly, and. Panel Number Since DESFOIL is the primary tool in determining which aerofoil will be used and its aerodynamic characteristics known, it would be wise to research the capabilities of the software and which system (panel number) to use to ensure the results obtained are of relevant accuracy. Another important aspect of using DESFOIL is the time taken for results to be determined. This will be analysed next. If we consider the effects of panel number on the lift, drag and pressure distribution respectively, we can clearly see a relationship shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Considering an angle of incidence of 10 degrees, it is evident to see that the most accurate results come about with the higher panel numbers. Since the maximum panel number within DESFOIL is 280, it would seem this would be the optimal choice. However, upon closer analysis, it is the time taken for such accurate results to come back from the software, which is of greater importance. For example, a panel number of 280 will provide the most accurate answer, but also take the longest to deduce. Therefore, if we consider the (negligible) variation of values, we can deduce that a panel number of 180 is significantly lower, thus, allowing quicker results, but still retains a high level of accuracy. For example, for the lift coefficient, 180 yields 1.0012, while 280 yields 1.0028. Thus the accuracy difference is negligible. Figure 2: Variation of Lift with different panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Figure 3: Variation of Drag with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil When analysing the pressure distribution, fewer panel numbers were considered, since the graphical representation would have become severely hard to differentiate between the different graphs. On the other hand, the before mentioned negligible differences is perhaps clearer in Figure 4. With the panel number at 280, the pressure distribution is most smooth, allowing finer details to be seen, which would otherwise be lost in lower panel numbers. Thus, a panel number of 180, the lowest without losing significant accuracy, is optimal. Figure 4: Variation of Pressure Distribution with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Reynolds/ Mach number So far, we have considered only the cruise aspect of the MAV. Since the aircraft will experience loitering stages also, analysis must be considered into different Reynolds and Mach numbers. Both of these are necessary in understanding the aerodynamics of the aerofoil since they both alter the way in which the aerofoil will react to airflow. For example, consideration of transition points, the onset of turbulent flow, boundary layer thickness and laminar flow needs to be understood to optimise the aerofoil design. Therefore, changes in the behaviour of the aerofoil/ airflow must be modelled and simulated within DESFOIL. For further understanding of such phenomenon, XFOIL will be used to pictorially show the effects of Reynolds number and Mach number on boundary layer, amongst other sets of information. More specifically, larger Reynolds and Mach numbers will be taken into consideration to visualise compressibility effects. To observe such results, i.e. how changes in density with regards to the pressure distribution, comparisons will be made to show how the compressibility effects (large Reynolds/ Mach number values) alter the characteristics/ performance of the aerofoil. An angle of attack of 10 degrees was considered when undertaking the computations in all examples. Incompressibility/ Compressibility Effects Figures 5 and 6 visually show the variation of the boundary layer with a high Reynolds and Mach number. If we consider Figure 5, we can see the specific values of coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment at the angle of attack mentioned before. Another helpful mode shown within Figure 5 is the description of the change in boundary layer over the length of the chord of the aerofoil. This pictoral view shows the general formation of turbulent flow from laminar flow. As will be seen later in the report, there is a relationship between the boundary layer thickness and the Reynolds number. This relationship is important to note since a thinner laminar boundary layer ensure lower drag. Again, this concept will be further investigated later. Figure 5: XFOIL graph showing pressure distribution along aerofoil Figure 6: XFOIL graph showing variation of other aerofoil characteristics Reynolds Number Mach Number Cl Cd lift/drag 1000000 0.4 1.083 0.01965 55.13 169412 0.04 1.0266 0.03469 29.59 90353 0.024 0.9415 0.05289 17.8 Figure 7: How lift and drag vary with different Reynolds and Mach numbers From Figure 7, we can see the direct impact the differing Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers have on the generation of lift and drag. Quite clearly, as the Reynolds/ Mach number decreases, so does the coefficient of lift, and thus lift generated. Also of significant importance is the increase in drag with decreasing Reynolds/Mach number. Due to these variations, the lift to drag ratio also decreases. However, it is important to note that the results are non-linear. This non-linearity can be explained from the transition from incompressible flow to flow whose density changes with respect to the pressure distribution. Thus, such characteristics cannot be extrapolated or calculated; they must be experimentally defined, or computationally simulated, since consideration of compressibility effects adds complexity to calculations. Boundary Layer Analysis Although there is little difference between the values of lift coefficients (in the first two examples), there seems to be a drastic difference between the lift: drag ratios. Since the coefficients of lift are similar, varying by less than a magnitude of value, the only possible change must come from the drag experienced on the aerofoil. Experimental data, treating the aerofoil as a flat plate, shows that as the Reynolds number increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases, shown in Equation (10). (10) Thus, a decrease in the Reynolds number causes a larger boundary layer around the aerofoil, which in turn causes a greater disturbance to the free stream air. Since the boundary layer cannot handle a large adverse pressure gradient without separation, the higher values of Reynolds number cause separation earlier, even though they have thinner, boundary layers. This is due to greater adverse pressure gradients which are responsible for the larger values of lift coefficients attained. The separated flow causes larger amounts of drag, which is obviously undesirable, since the flow is no longer uniform along the chord. Once the pressure gradient exceeds a critical point, the boundary layer will separate from the aerofoil, therefore reducing the magnitude of the pressure gradient, reducing lift generation. Therefore, the lift: drag ratio decreases as drag will increase upon separation. The drag experienced at higher Reynolds numbers is still considerably smaller than the drag experienced at lower Reynolds numbers due to the thickness of the boundary layer. Although separation of the flow is a factor with regards to drag, the boundary layer thickness, as seen in Figure (7) using Equation (10), is a larger factor. Since this separation point (transition from laminar to turbulent flow) is an area of interest with regards to the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil, Figure 8 shows the movement of such a point with regards to the Reynolds number. The black lines only show the separation points on the upper surface of the aerofoil since this is the surface of most interest. Figure 8: Transition point. 1) Re=1000000, M=0.4 2) Re=169412, M=0.04 3) Re=90353, M=0.024 At this point it is important to note that the DESFOIL parameters were changed to ensure a completely accurate result from the simulation. To ensure the accuracy was maximised, the transition detection was 100% the length of the chord, and not simply the default 20%. This allowed DESFOIL to look throughout the whole length of the chord for the transition/ separation point as opposed to the default 20%. As we can see, for the same angle of attack, the higher Reynolds/ Mach numbers cause the separation point to be significantly closer to the leading edge. Similar XFOIL graphs were constructed as that in Figure 6 for the other Reynolds/ Mach numbers. From Figure 6, we can see that at an angle of attack of 0 degrees, there is a separation point at 0.637, i.e. 63.7% away from the leading edge as a function of the chord length. When the Reynolds number is 169412, this separation point is 91% as a function of the chord length, while the loiter Reynolds number remains laminar at 0 degrees angle of attack. Geometries If we consider other three dimensional geometries with respect to the drag each produces, we can understand why an aerofoil is an optimal shape in terms of reducing drag. Figure 9: Drag values for various 3D geometries If we consider streamlining any given shape, we can possibly reduce the amount of drag experienced, as shown in Figure 9, by an order of magnitude. For example, if we consider the sphere, hemisphere and teardrop shapes, although all have the same frontal geometry, it is the streamlining of the teardrop which contributes most to a significant reduce in drag, due to the prolonged attachment of the airflow. Since the airflow after the sphere/hemisphere is suddenly separated (due to the non gradual geometry behind the shape), there is a significant amount of drag experienced. This is why Figure 5 depicts such a prolonged attachment of the airflow, only becoming separated towards the trailing edge of aerofoil. To further reinforce the advantageous effects of streamlining, Figure 10 shows the geometrical differences which can be obtained with intelligent streamlining. Figure 10: Two different geometries with the same aerodynamic drag force Lower Aerofoil Surface Another important feature found from graphs similar to Figure 5 highlights the relationship between the angle of attack, Reynolds/ Mach number and flow over the lower wing section. It was found that at lower Reynolds numbers, the flow is relatively laminar across the length of the chord length. This makes sense at high angles of attack since the underside of the aerofoil has a larger wetted area. Possible further investigation and research may lie in determining the flow over the lower surface of the aerofoil in negative angles of attack. Perhaps such an investigation will help understand the landing/ descending section of a flight path. It may be interesting to learn whether separation points play such a major role on the lower surface as they do on the upper surface, in terms of lift and drag. Such understanding can provide insight into painting a complete picture of the airflow surrounding a wing. Furthermore, since a NACA0012 aerofoil was considered giving all the results mentioned previously, changes in airflow with varying NACA aerofoils could help determine a more complex relationship. For example, as thickness, camber and camber position change, how does the transition point vary on the underside of the aerofoil? Such variations are made within the next section with regards to the overall lift and drag. However pressure variations could be conducted in a similar fashion. Designing using DESFOIL Since DESFOIL allows the user to design, test and evaluate their own chosen design (one of the many reasons it was chosen for undertaking of this particular investigation), it is important to understand how the different parameters affect the aerofoil characteristics. From this, we can deduce what the optimal aerofoil for our application could be. Furthermore, it allows for reinforcement of aerodynamic theory into the reaction of airflow over changing geometries of aerofoils. This could be seen as a measurement of DESFOILs accuracy in its simulations. If its simulation results were to vary from known aerodynamics, then the softwares validity would be questionable. Throughout the analysis, therefore, the aerodynamic theory will be called upon to explain the results given from DESFOIL. Since the software allows for three different design features, it was deemed necessary, to gain a full understanding, to adjust and examine one parameter at a time and comment on the results obtained. Since different values of lift were optimal for the different stages within our flight path, both the cruise and loiter conditions were looked at. From the template aerofoil NACA0012, the thickness was the first parameter to be changed. Figures 11 and 12 below graphically shows the variation in lift and drag over the four different aerofoil thicknesss chosen. Cruise Conditions Figure 11: Lift variation with different NACA aerofoils thicknesses Figure 12: Drag variation with varying thicknesses Firstly, the cruise conditions will be investigated. As we can see from the figures above, the thickness of the aerofoil plays an important role in determining such characteristics as stall angle and maximum coefficient of lift. If we consider both graphs simultaneously, we can deduce the thicker the aerofoil, the greater the values of lift can be obtained. This is shown with the increase in coefficient of lift values from 12% thickness to 15-21% thickness. This is down to the curvature of the aerofoil being the main form of lift generation, i.e. the more curved (thicker in this instance since camber position is constant) the aerofoil, the larger amounts of lift generated, within limits. Also, nose shape effects help the generation of high lift coefficients. Furthermore, it is important to note that the thinner aerofoil has also stalled significantly harder than the thicker aerofoils. Since stalling is undesirable, perhaps thicker aerofoils would be best for use in the chosen aerofoil. Concentrating on the graphs from a drag point of few, we can again see that thinner aerofoils are undesirable due to the drag they produce/ experience. The sharp rise in drag experienced by the thinner NACA0012 aerofoil is complimentary of the stall it experienced at an angle of attack of 13. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are slight variations in the small angle of attack region with respect to lift and negligible difference in the corresponding drag section. Since a definitive relationship was deduced from the thickness investigation, it was reasonable to continue the designing experiments. Next, the camber thickness was investigated. Figure 13: Lift variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses Figure 14: Drag variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses From the above figures, certain relationships can be deduced between the camber thickness and the effect such parameters have on the lift and drag experienced on the aerofoil. Firstly, lets consider the adverse effects on the lift and drag, shown here by the NACA-2012, whereby the -2 denotes a negative camber. From Figure 13, we can see a significantly lower lift attained flight with an earlier stall, which compliments Figure 14, whereby the drag significantly increases due to the separated flow resulting from the stall. For the other three aerofoils shown, the aerodynamic drag force experienced by each has negligible difference, since all follow the same shape. The differences can more obviously be seen through analysis of Figure 13. Here, we can see the larger the camber, the greater values of lift can be obtained. However, it is important to note that only the NACA4012 aerofoil does not experience a stall. On the other hand, the other two positive aerofoils, while although experiencing a stall, do not stall extremely harshly, and so a stall of this kind, while although not optimal, can be considered negligible in terms of lift generated. The camber position was investigated next Figure 15: Lift variation with angle of attack under different camber positions Figure 16: Drag variation with angle of attack under different camber positions As we can see from the above two figures, the effect of camber position is not as drastic as the other previous analysed parameters. From Figure 15, we can see the highest lift is attained by the NACA4212 aerofoil, although all the aerofoils have the same similar low angle of attack lift generation. It is only towards angles of attack greater than 7 where there is greatest deviation. On the other hand, it can also be seen that the NACA4212 aerofoil, while giving the highest lift value, also stalls. As mentioned before, this is undesirable. From a drag perspective, the NACA4212 aerofoil performs best towards larger angles of attack however performs worst at low angles of attack. Depending on where the greatest emphasis needs to be placed upon the cruise aerofoil conditions, this may be an important factor. Chosen Cruise Aerofoil Since we have analysed the effects of the three different parameters within DESFOIL, we can now evaluate what lift and drag characteristics we want from our chosen aerofoil. Since the actual aerofoil will be 3D, we need to take into consideration 3D effects. For this instance, we are going to assume the 3D coefficient of lift is 90% of the 2D coefficient of lift, namely, (11) One reason there is a decrease in the change from two dimensional to three dimensional bodies is the appearance of an extra plane, i.e. the z plane. Thus, the lift generation needs to distribute the lift over three planes instead of two. Thus resulting in less lift overall. Therefore, we can calculate a coefficient of lift of 0.3167 to be found using DESFOIL. Taking what was found from the above investigation, various NACA aerofoils were tested. The final aerofoil chosen was the NACA2615 aerofoil for reasons clearly shown using Figure 17. Figure 17: NACA2615 aerofoil characteristics From this figure, we can see the optimal design characteristics we want from our cruise aerofoil. These characteristics include a significantly low drag, as compared to the lift generated, which can be seen as a direct result of no stall being present. Furthermore, if we consider the lift we wanted to generate, namely 0.3167, we can see this aerofoil manages to attain such lift at a low angle of attack, something we want from our aerofoil since the quicker the optimal lift can be generated, the quicker the aerofoil will start behaving to optimise its performance. Since this optimal lift is generated at an angle between 1 and 2, the lift: drag ratio was calculated for these two angles. They are 17 and 39 respectively. These high values show the positive performance of our aerofoil in the cruise condition. Loiter Condition As we can see from the previous section, a detailed investigation and analysis was undertaken to establish the best NACA aerofoil for our cruise purposes. If we now go on to consider the loiter condition, there are certain parameters which need to be considered, namely the 2D lift we wish to aim for, at the lowest angle of attack, to find the optimal aerofoil. As shown in the previous section, the thickness, camber and camber position were all varied individually and the resulting effect on the lift and drag analysed. Using Equation 11, we can calculate the required lift (needed to be found in DESFOIL) as 1.11. Firstly, the thickness was adjusted. It was found, just like the cruise condition investigation that an increase in thickness resulted in higher levels of lift being attained. However it was also found that the aerofoils under loiter conditions tend to stall, regardless of thickness. However, the greater the thickness the higher angle of stall. Since all aerofoils tested stalled, the drag associated with each was indicative of this phenomenon. It is also important to note that the aerofoils tested were the NACA0010, NACA0012, NACA0018 and NACA0021. Considering the position of maximum camber next, it was found that the NACA4212 aerofoil stalled significantly earlier than the NACA4012, NA